梨树白粉病是危害梨生产的重要病害之一，其病原菌为梨球针壳（Phyllactinia pyri），主要危害叶片背面，严重影响梨树的光合作用和蒸腾作用，导致产量下降。白粉病抗性品种选育是防治梨树白粉病最有效、最根本的措施，也是梨抗病育种的目标之一。然而对梨树白粉病抗性遗传规律的研究较少，还未发掘出抗性分子标记和基因。本研究采用田间自然发病调查法，收集了2019—2021年‘锦丰×中梨1号’杂种F1代306株实生树田间白粉病发病情况数据，并计算感病指数和发病率，评价各实生树对白粉病的抗性，为今后分析白粉病抗性遗传规律、筛选白粉病抗性分子标记、定位白粉病抗性基因奠定基础，为梨树杂交组合选配和白粉病抗性品种选育提供数据支撑。

Pear powdery mildew, caused by Phyllactinia pyri, is one of the most important diseases in pear production. This disease mainly harms the back of the pear leaves, seriously affects the photosynthesis and transpiration, and leads to the decrease of the yield. Breeding of the resistant varieties to powdery mildew is the most effective and fundamental measure to control powdery mildew on pear trees, and it is also one of the targets of pear disease resistance breeding. However, there are few research on inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in pear tree, andmolecular markers and genes of resistance have been not discovered. In this study, the powdery mildew incidence data of 306 individuals of 'Jinfong × Zhongli 1' F1 generation were collected from 2019 to 2021, and the susceptibility index and incidence were calculated to evaluate the resistance of each individual to powdery mildew. The data will lay the foundation for analyzing the genetic rules of powdery mildew resistance, screening molecular markers of powdery mildew resistance and locating resistance genes in the future, and provide data support for pear hybrid combination selection and breeding of powdery mildew resistant varieties.