我国是世界上最为重要的果树起源中心之一，在落叶果树农家品种的演化过程中，其亲缘关系背景有一定概率会产生杂合等现象，导致在分类和利用方面存在一些困难。另外，许多农家品种存在同名异物情况，无法根据名字判断它们的分类系统。花粉特征受基因控制，很少在受外界环境作用的情况下改变，可用于植物种属间甚至是品种间的鉴定与分类。在遗传中，花粉表现出较强的保守性和稳定性，这些特性表明植物花粉形态有助于植物种属和品种的分类和鉴别，同时，在探讨植物的起源和演化方面其也具有非常重要的意义。文章数据集是对辽宁、山东、陕西等我国落叶果树重点分布地区及优势产区2012—2017年间石榴、苹果、桃、板栗、核桃和葡萄等11个树种的部分优良品种进行花粉扫描电镜观察，数据包含：采集编号、品种名称、观察方法、观察仪器和观察结果信息。本数据集共有571条品种记录，数据集数据均为原始数据，未经任何处理。本研究利用扫描电镜对2012—2017年我国优势产区落叶果树部分农家品种花粉扫描，电镜观察分析结果和传统分类学基本一致。因此，农家品种花粉电镜分析结果可用于农家品种鉴定分类，花粉形态、大小和外壁纹饰等性状指标所具有的差异可从孢子学角度为农家品种亲缘关系及分类鉴定提供依据。

China is one of the most important fruit tree origin centers in the world, and in the evolution of deciduous fruit tree farmers, the kinship background of fruit trees has a certain probability of heterozygosity, resulting in some difficulties in classification and utilization. In addition, many farm varieties have the same name but foreign bodies, and it is not possible to judge their classification system by name. Pollen characteristics are controlled by genes and rarely change under the influence of the external environment, which can be used for identification and classification between plant species and even between varieties. In genetics, pollen shows strong conservation and stability, which indicates that plant pollen morphology is helpful for the classification and identification of plant species and varieties, and is also of great significance in exploring the origin and evolution of plants. This dataset is a pollen scanning electron microscope observation of some excellent varieties of 11 tree species such as pomegranate, apple, peach, chestnut, walnut and grape in Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi and other key distribution areas and advantageous production areas in China from 2012 to 2017, and the data include: collection number, variety name, observation method, observation instrument and observation result information. The dataset has a total of 571 symbol records, and the article dataset is all raw data without any processing. In this study, scanning electron microscope was used to scan the pollen of some agricultural varieties of deciduous fruit trees in China's dominant production areas from 2012 to 2017, and the results of electron microscope observation and analysis were basically consistent with traditional taxonomy. Therefore,the results of electron pollen microscope analysis of farm varieties can be used for the identification and classification of farm varieties, and the differences in pollen morphology, size and outer wall ornament can provide a basis for the kinship and classification identification of farm varieties from the perspective of spores.