随着社会经济发展和收入水平的提升，中国大部分居民营养健康状况明显改善，但农村地区仍面临营养不足与过剩并存、膳食结构不合理、营养疾病多发等问题。因此，文章以陕西省为例，分析了陕北、关中、陕南农村居民在食物消费与营养健康方面差异，旨在探索三大区域健康膳食模式及有效干预措施，为解决农村居民营养失衡提供重要参考。采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法进行微观调研，共发放问卷540份，有效问卷530份，有效率高达98.14%。本次调查以电子版问卷为主，以纸质版问卷为辅，采取入户一对一现场深度访谈的形式开展。调研问卷主要包括村庄和家庭基本情况、居民年收入及支出、居民食物消费、食物网购、身体健康状况及医疗支出等信息。综上，陕西省农村居民食物消费与营养健康数据集的共享，为改善居民食物消费结构，促进膳食营养提供了数据支持，助推了食物消费升级和营养健康转型。

While the nutrition-related health of Chinese residents has been significantly improved with the development of the economy and the improvement of life quality, insufficient and excessive nutrition, unreasonable dietary collocation, and frequent nutritional diseases exist in rural areas. Shaanxi Province, one of the provinces diverse in food consumption, covers three regions geographically, namely, Northern Shaanxi, Central Shaanxi, and Southern Shaanxi. Examining the differences in food consumption and nutrition-related health of rural residents and exploring the sustainable, healthy dietary patterns and effective intervention measures in the three regions are of great reference significance for solving the problem of nutritional imbalance in the vast rural areas of China. In this paper, multi-stage stratified sampling and random sampling are adopted to select samples among rural residents from 6 counties of Shaanxi Province. 540 questionnaires were distributed and 530 valid ones were recovered, with the effective rate being 98.14%. The questionnaires take the form of electronic ones and are supplemented by paper questionnaires. The one-to-one, on-site, and in-depth interviews are conducted. The question items include village basic information, basic information of rural residents, residents' annual income and expenditure, residents’ food consumption, food shopping online, physical condition, and medical expenditure. In this data set, the basic data are preprocessed in terms of unreasonable data, complete missing values, etc., to ensure the rationality, authenticity, and validity of the data. The sharing of data sets is expected to support the research on food consumption and nutrition-related health of rural residents in Shaanxi Province and to promote the upgrading of food consumption and the transformation of nutrition-related health of rural residents. The weakness of this dataset lies in the one-year span of data collection. Therefore, long-term data monitoring systems is necessary in the future to track trends in food consumption and nutritional health in rural areas to support sustainable research and policy development.