科学数据共享程度加大、国际形势复杂多变、信息技术突飞猛进，国际合作中的科学数据安全问题日益凸显，科学数据安全工作面对挑战。本文在厘清科学数据安全内涵的基础上，以代表性国际科技组织和大型国际科技计划为例，剖析典型国际科技合作中的科学数据共享安全治理政策与实践，为我国制定相关政策提供参考借鉴。因此，建议应继续遵循“开放为常态、不开放为例外”理念，灵活运用“例外”和“豁免清单”在义务和权利间取得平衡；进一步完善国内科学数据安全治理政策体系，及时掌握国际科学数据政策动态，提高国际科技合作中的科学数据政策透明度与合规性；综合考虑科技数据资源、风险管控技术等因素，实施真正意义上的对等交换；培养精通国际政策法规和行业惯例、技术布局全面的数据安全保障团队。

The increasing interconnectedness and reusability of scientific data have brought forth unparalleled challenges in the realm of international science and technology (S&T) cooperation. Against the backdrop of a dynamic and intricate international landscape, the rapid evolution of information technology has accentuated the salience of security concerns surrounding scientific data, thereby imposing significant challenges upon extant security frameworks. This paper, following a meticulous elucidation of the concept of scientific data safety, systematically consolidates governance policies and practices pertaining to scientific data sharing gleaned from prominent international S&T organizations and major international S&T initiatives. Four discerning recommendations are delineated: (1) Advocating the principle of "openness as the norm, with exceptions," by discerningly deploying "exceptions" and "exemption lists" to strike a harmonious balance between obligations and rights; (2) Continuously enhancing the domestic governance policy ecosystem for scientific data security, thereby fostering transparency and compliance with scientific data policies within the ambit of international S&T collaborations; (3) Adopting a comprehensive approach that duly considers factors such as scientific data resources and risk control technologies, to facilitate genuine peer-to-peer scientific data exchanges; (4) Instituting a proficient data safety team adept in international policies, regulations, and best practices, and fortified with a robust array of technical competencies.