For several years, the National Forestry Science Data Sharing Service Infrastructure (NFSDSSI) has established a forestry science data system, developed a software and hardware system to offer data on the Internet, and daily it operates data sharing services that are geared to the needs of science and technology innovation, economy and social development, and all of society. This paper describes the hierarchical and classified management of forestry science data according to the investigations and practices of NFSDSSI’s developments and service operations. The forestry science data framework consists of 12 first-level categories in accordance with forestry science subjects, and a forestry science data system has been established. The forestry science datasets are divided into three levels according to the relevant laws and regulations. Hence, open-level datasets can be shared conveniently, restricted-level data sets can be shared in a controlled manner, and proprietary-level data sets can be shared securely. This paper outlines the strengthening and implementation of the main responsibility of the NFSDSSI’s support organizations. In particular, rules and regulations have been explored, developed, and implemented; a series of technical standards have been formulated to normalize the collection, processing, storage, and data quality assurance of data sets; and software and hardware equipment, financing, and personnel for data management and operations have all been obtained. This paper also introduces the platform structure and service operations for sharing data on the Internet. The established data storage, management, and service operation systems; online and offline data sharing; thematic data sets and data products; technical support services for user data applications; and special subjects for important requirements are now all available to users. This paper summarizes and analyzes the effectiveness of data management, various structures, and service operations of the NFSDSSI, and proposes new ideas for the NFSDSSI’s work to further strengthen and standardize forestry scientific data management and ensure scientific data security.