As the information carrier of the change of the elements in agricultural production system, observational data in agricultural science is an important resource and factor that leads the high-quality development of agriculture and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and plays an increasingly prominent role in the basic support of agricultural science & technology innovation and policy making. In the face of the bottleneck problems of agricultural scientific observation data, such as the complex process for data production, data agent diversity and scattered data storage, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to scientifically define the ownership of agricultural scientific observation and accelerate the construction of policy and technical support system. This research describes the research status and existing problems for database management system of observational data in agricultural science, summarizes the difficulties of data right confirmation and protection, classifies the ownership types of agricultural scientific observation data, and proposes the suggestions on the protection of agricultural scientific observation data. From the perspective of the relation of rights and interest among data producers, managers and users, the ownership of agricultural scientific observation data can be divided into the right of proprietorship, production, utilization, publishing and transaction. In response to the pain points and difficulties of stakeholders’ “unwillingness, fear and inability” in the process of open sharing, it is of great importance to optimize the environment of observation data in agricultural science, to actively establish a system of confirming and authorizing for national data sharing platforms, to guide and encourage the publication of observation data in agricultural science, to accelerate the application of labeling of China’s scientific and technological resources, and to explore the construction of a closed data circulation technology system. The above actions are not only efficient ways to improve the data utilization and optimize the allocation of data resources, and to accelerate the improvement of laws and regulations on intellectual property rights protection for agricultural scientific observation data, but also effective measures to promote the integration and open sharing of data resources in an orderly manner.