Scientific data is the most basic and active technological resources in the information era. Scientific data sharing is an inevitable trend of development. The implementation of scientific data sharing can save social resources, avoid duplication of labor, and verify existing scientific research. It has important practical significance and urgent social needs. As the premise of scientific data sharing, intellectual property protection plays a very important role in promoting the orderly use of scientific data and providing continuous innovation for the development of science and technology. It is the fundamental problem to be solved urgently to realize scientific data sharing. This paper mainly uses literature research, comparative analysis and other methods to analyze the relevant literature on scientific data and intellectual property rights at home and abroad in recent years. On the basis of summarizing the current situation of intellectual property protection of scientific data sharing in China, the relationship between scientific data sharing and intellectual property rights is excavated, and the main problems of intellectual property protection faced by scientific data sharing are extracted. The determination of data property rights and ownership is the basis for the distribution of rights and interests of scientific data sharing applications. At present, the ownership of scientific data property rights in China is not clear, and there is a lack of recognized property rights solutions. Lack of unified policy guidance, weak awareness of intellectual property protection and lack of motivation for scientific data publishing. In view of these problems, this paper puts forward the intellectual property protection countermeasures for scientific data sharing: clarify the ownership of scientific data property rights and balancing the interests of all parties; establish government guidance mechanism, and make the government fully functional; promote scientific data publishing and standardize scientific data citation; ensure the intellectual property protection technology support for innovative scientific data sharing. In order to build a good data sharing environment, we should protect the legitimate rights and interests of data producers.