Food consumption situation of rural residents is not only closely related to the economic development level of the entire country, but also an important indicator to measure the quality of life of people in a country or region. Analyzing the food consumption status of rural residents in China is of great significance for improving their nutritional health, guiding agricultural production in a rational manner, ensuring effective supply of important agricultural products, and promoting the development of green agriculture. The dataset is derived from an on-site survey conducted in 2022, covering 1080 rural households across the provinces of Jilin, Shandong, and Hubei. It contains information about food markets, village characteristics and rural residents' food consumption. Information about food markets primarily includes the state of food markets in towns and within a specific radius around the village. Village information includes the roles of village leaders, overall village conditions, the state of the village food market and various socio-economic characteristics of the village. Rural residents' food consumption information includes monthly food consumption recalls, 3-day food consumption records, nutritional dietary knowledge, and evaluations of food markets and household food security. Specifically, the 3-day food consumption data provide a comprehensive record of food consumption over three consecutive days in rural households. This record includes details about the individuals participating in the meals, the specific food items consumed along with their respective quantities, sources of these food items, purchase prices, levels of food processing, remaining food quantities and the methods employed for managing leftover food. The data preprocessing steps are carried out according to the standardization process, transforming the raw data into more standardized and accurate data. The dataset can provide a foundational basis for academic research on rural residents' food consumption and also offer data support for government departments in formulating dietary and nutritional interventions for rural residents.