General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that "the prosperity of industries is of paramount importance for rural revitalization." The Cost-Benefit Survey of Agricultural Products records information on inputs, outputs, and returns related to agricultural products, serving as the foundation for macroeconomic regulation and price management by government departments. In the new era and on the new journey, this dataset will play an even greater role in advancing the rural revitalization strategy. A large number of literature analyze the situation of China’s agricultural input factor use, productivity, cost and profit based on this dataset, but the introduction of details such as the sample selection of the dataset, the collection process, and the connotation of the relevant indicators needs to be enhanced. Therefore, this paper primarily compiles cost-benefit survey data for three types of grains, including early-season rice, mid-season rice, late-season rice, japonica rice, wheat, and maize, from 2005 to 2017 in 31 regions, forming a comprehensive dataset. This paper provides an introduction to the background, data collection methods, primary content of the data, and its implications and values. The data is collected by using a stratified random sampling procedure to improve the representativeness. The cost and profit data of rice farms contains the farm size, yield, output value, pesticide cost, fertilizer quantity and cost, seed quantity and cost, irrigation cost, labor quantity and cost, and land cost on per unit area. Relevant scholars can not only use the data to analyze the input-output situation of China's agricultural products, but also draw on the sampling method and quality control experience of the data.