While the nutrition-related health of Chinese residents has been significantly improved with the development of the economy and the improvement of life quality, insufficient and excessive nutrition, unreasonable dietary collocation, and frequent nutritional diseases exist in rural areas. Shaanxi Province, one of the provinces diverse in food consumption, covers three regions geographically, namely, Northern Shaanxi, Central Shaanxi, and Southern Shaanxi. Examining the differences in food consumption and nutrition-related health of rural residents and exploring the sustainable, healthy dietary patterns and effective intervention measures in the three regions are of great reference significance for solving the problem of nutritional imbalance in the vast rural areas of China. In this paper, multi-stage stratified sampling and random sampling are adopted to select samples among rural residents from 6 counties of Shaanxi Province. 540 questionnaires were distributed and 530 valid ones were recovered, with the effective rate being 98.14%. The questionnaires take the form of electronic ones and are supplemented by paper questionnaires. The one-to-one, on-site, and in-depth interviews are conducted. The question items include village basic information, basic information of rural residents, residents' annual income and expenditure, residents’ food consumption, food shopping online, physical condition, and medical expenditure. In this data set, the basic data are preprocessed in terms of unreasonable data, complete missing values, etc., to ensure the rationality, authenticity, and validity of the data. The sharing of data sets is expected to support the research on food consumption and nutrition-related health of rural residents in Shaanxi Province and to promote the upgrading of food consumption and the transformation of nutrition-related health of rural residents. The weakness of this dataset lies in the one-year span of data collection. Therefore, long-term data monitoring systems is necessary in the future to track trends in food consumption and nutritional health in rural areas to support sustainable research and policy development.