Food consumption is an important way for residents to obtain daily nutrition, and it is also a basic need for people to maintain their survival and keep healthy. Economic development promotes the transformation and upgrading of rural food consumption, and also changes the nutritional and health status of farmers. However, the unhealthy diet still exists, the problem of excess nutrition begins to occur in rural areas, and the proportion of people with obesity and chronic diseases is rising. The investigation of food consumption and nutrition health in rural areas is very important for guiding the scientific diet structure and improving the health level of rural people. Meanwhile, it also provides micro data for the mechanism research of rural residents’ food consumption. The dataset covers multiple regions of Heilongjiang Province, China. We selected 18 towns of 6 counties (cities/districts) to carry out research activities. The above towns are distributed in the west, north and south of Heilongjiang Province. Through the pre-survey activities and expert discussion, the content of the questionnaire was improved. From July to August 2022, we conducted the research activities and collected information on individual status, dietary reviews, food consumption, health and physical activity, nutritional awareness and literacy for over five hundred farmers. Manual quality inspection is carried out through data self-inspection and mutual inspection to ensure the data authenticity and accuracy. All the data were processed according to the standardized steps: unifying the data format, removing the wrong data, and merging the duplicate data. Finally, effective data of 543 households were obtained. This dataset provides multi-regional information, thus providing data support for the heterogeneous studies of food consumption and nutrient health in rural areas.