China, as the world's leading producer and consumer of eggs, relies significantly on eggs as a primary protein source in the dietary structure of its residents. Understanding consumer preferences for eggs in China holds substantial practical significance. This research aims to comprehend the preferences of Chinese consumers regarding egg production methods, certification standards, and other related attributes. The objective is to provide precise market positioning strategies, scientific foundations, and guidance for policymaking and dietary health education initiatives. The survey design primarily utilizes a discrete choice experiment (DCE) approach, supplemented by the collection of data on respondents' relevant food safety knowledge and demographic variables. Ultimately, the research team collected 1085 samples from consumers across 30 provincial-level administrative regions through an online questionnaire platform, forming the 2020 dataset on Chinese consumers' egg preferences. This dataset comprehensively encompasses 13 aspects, including the frequency and sources of egg purchases, as well as preferences for egg prices, rearing methods, hen breeds, and food safety certification attributes during the egg consumption process. The research findings reveal distinct consumer preferences concerning egg production methods and certification standards. This dataset serves as foundational information for understanding residents' consumption habits and preferences, ensuring national food safety, guiding market strategies for food enterprises, and providing robust support for evidence-based policymaking by the government.