智慧农业背景下农业数据法律制度研究

doi:10.19788/j.issn.2096-6369.000147

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业数据是驱动智慧农业发展的核心要素，其相关制度的建设的滞后已成为制约农业数字化转型的关键障碍。现行法律体系在数据确权、收益分配和数据流通等方面的制度供给存在结构性矛盾。为破解这一矛盾，需构建财产权与人格权保护结合的复合型产权制度，通过数据分类分级确权机制实现要素权益结构化配置；需基于公平原则设计农业数据收益的多维分配矩阵；应探索建设市场为主、政府协同的混合流通模式，在充分保障数据安全的同时，提高农业数据配置效率。此三维制度框架通过产权界定的法律确定性保障要素市场活力，运用数字正义原则重构收益分配秩序，借助技术治理工具提升流通效率，契合农业数据要素的准公共品属性，能够更好地平衡农业数据作为准公共品的效率与公平，为农业新质生产力的培育提供坚实支撑。

关键词: 智慧农业, 农业数据, 数据确权, 数据流通

Abstract:

Agricultural data is the core element driving the development of smart agriculture, and the lagging construction of related systems has become a key obstacle restricting the digital transformation of agriculture. The current legal system exhibits structural contradictions in the institutional supply regarding data ownership confirmation, income distribution, and data circulation. To resolve this contradiction, it is necessary to construct a composite property rights system that combines property rights and personality rights protection, achieving structured allocation of element rights through a data classification and grading ownership confirmation mechanism. A multi-dimensional profit distribution matrix for agricultural data should be designed based on the principle of fairness. The exploration of a hybrid circulation model with a market dominance and government coordination is also necessary, ensuring robust data security while enhancing the efficiency of agricultural data allocation. This three-dimensional institutional framework safeguards the vitality of the element market through the legal certainty of property rights definition, reconstructs the order of income distribution using digital justice principles, and enhances circulation efficiency with the help of technological governance tools. It aligns with the quasi-public good attribute of agricultural data elements, better balancing efficiency and fairness of agricultural data as a quasi-public good, and providing solid support for the cultivation of new agricultural productive forces.

Key words: smart agriculture, agricultural data, data ownership confirmation, data circulation

刘鹏, 陈日东. 智慧农业背景下农业数据法律制度研究[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2026, 8(2): 235-244.

LIU Peng, CHEN RiDong. Research on the Legal System of Agricultural Data in the Context of Smart Agriculture[J]. Journal of Agricultural Big Data, 2026, 8(2): 235-244.

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