基于区块链技术的生鲜农产品追溯系统研究进展

doi:10.19788/j.issn.2096-6369.220102

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着生活水平的不断提高，生鲜农产品的质量安全已经成为人们密切关注的焦点问题。生鲜农产品追溯是食品质量安全保障中不可或缺的重要环节，同时也是提高消费者对产品信任度的有效措施。区块链以链式结构对数据信息进行分布式记录和分布式存储，通过利用加密算法、共识机制以及智能合约等技术为多方合作中出现的数据隐私与信任等问题提供了高效的解决方案。基于区块链技术的农产品追溯系统具有提高生产、加工、运输、销售过程的透明度和效率，增强数据可信度，体现数据可追溯性等优点，同时可以剔除农产品供应链中不必要的中间商，并且增强消费者对可追溯农产品的信心。本文介绍了区块链及其技术特点，分析了生鲜农产品从种植养殖、生产加工、物流运输和分销销售的整个供应链环节，提出了一种基于区块链和物联网设备的生鲜农产品可追溯性框架，并总结了区块链技术在果蔬追溯、畜禽肉类追溯和水产品追溯方面的应用进展，同时指出了现阶段区块链农产品溯源所存在的消费者对区块链接受度低、市场主体之间存在用户隐私与交易保密的顾虑和无法保证源头数据的真实性等关键性问题，最后结合区块链技术讨论了未来生鲜农产品追溯的发展方向，为促进生鲜农产品追溯的深入研究提供启发与借鉴。

关键词: 生鲜农产品, 生鲜农产品追溯, 区块链, 可追溯性框架, 食品安全, 农产品供应链

Abstract:

With continually improving living standards, the quality and safety of fresh agricultural products has come under public scrutiny. Fresh produce traceability is an indispensable and important link in the process of guaranteeing food quality and safety and is also an effective measure for improving consumers’ trust in food products. A blockchain database records and stores data within a chain structure. Using an encryption algorithm, a consensus mechanism, smart contracts, and other technologies, a blockchain provides an efficient solution to the challenge of ensuring data privacy and trust in multi-party cooperation. A traceability system for agricultural products that is based on blockchain technology entails the advantages of improving the transparency and efficiency of production, processing, transportation, and sales processes; enhancing data reliability; and reflecting data traceability. It can also eliminate unnecessary intermediaries in the agricultural product supply chain and enhance consumers’ confidence in traceable agricultural products. This paper introduces the blockchain and its technical features and presents an analysis of the entire supply chain for fresh agricultural products from planting and breeding, to production and processing, to logistics and transportation, through to distribution and sales. It proposes a traceability framework for fresh agricultural products that is based on blockchain and Internet of things devices and equipment and summarizes progress made in applying blockchain technology in the traceability of fruit and vegetables, livestock and poultry meat, and aquatic products. Moreover, it identifies key problems currently constraining the traceability of blockchain agricultural products, such as the low acceptance of blockchain links by consumers, concerns about user privacy and the confidentiality of transactions between market subjects, and an inability to ensure the authenticity of source data. Lastly, it discusses future developmental directions of fresh agricultural product traceability using blockchain technology, which can guide and inspire further in-depth research in this area.

Key words: fresh agricultural products, fresh agricultural product traceability, blockchain, traceability framework, food safety, Agri-food supply chain

中图分类号:

F511.41

张哲, 杨信廷, 于合龙, 李珊珊, 孙传恒. 基于区块链技术的生鲜农产品追溯系统研究进展[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 25-34.

Zhe Zhang, Xinting Yang, Helong Yu, Shanshan Li, Chuanheng Sun. Progress of Research to Develop a Traceability System for Fresh Agricultural Products Using Blockchain Technology[J]. Journal of Agricultural Big Data, 2022, 4(1): 25-34.

图/表 6

图 1

图 2

图 3

表1

表2

表3

参考文献 54

1	安振武. 浅议国家食品安全管理体系构建：现状、困境和策略[J]. 食品工业, 2020, 41(06):265-268.
	An Z W. On the Construction of National Food Safety Management System:Current Situation, Difficulties and Strategies[J]. The Food Industry, 2020, 41(06):265-268.
2	王盛华. 生鲜农产品品质与质量安全问题研究——基于供应链一体化视角[J]. 山西农经, 2020(15):14 -15.
	Wang S H. Research on the quality and safety of fresh agricultural products -- from the perspective of supply chain integration[J]. Shanxi Agricultural Economy, 2020(15):14 -15.
3	阿布都热合曼·卡的尔,陈茜,申炳豪. 基于区块链的生鲜农产品冷链可追溯性研究[J]. 佛山科学技术学院学报(社会科学版),2021,39(02):49-56.
	Abudureheman K, Chen X, Shen B H. Study on Traceability of Cold Chain for Agri-food Based on Blockchain[J]. Journal of Foshan University(Social Science Edition), 2021,39(02):49-56.
4	陈薇伶, 黄敏, 郭燕. 基于区块链技术的生鲜农产品供应链体系构建[J]. 商业经济研究, 2021(09):123 -126.
	Chen W L, Huang M, Huo Y. Construction of fresh agricultural products supply chain system based on blockchain Technology[J]. Journal of Commercial Economics, 2021(09):123 -126.
5	胡森森, 黄珊. 区块链构建农产品供应链信任:现状、问题与发展[J]. 重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版), 2021, 38(04):26-35.
	Hu S S, Huang S. Review on Building Trust of Agricultural Products SupplyChain Based on Blockchain: Status Quo, Problem and Development[J]. Journal of Chongqing Technology and Business University(Social Science Edition), 2021, 38(04):26-35.
6	杨信廷, 钱建平, 孙传恒, 等. 农产品及食品质量安全追溯系统关键技术研究进展[J]. 农业机械学报, 2014, 45(11):212-222.
	Yang X T, Qian J P, Sun C H, et al. Key Technologies for Establishment Agricultural Products and Food Quality Safety Traceability Systems[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2014, 45(11):212-222.
7	北京互联网法院. 北京互联网法院技术白皮书[EB/OL]. (2019-08-17).
	Beijing Internet Court. Beijing Internet Court technology white paper[EB/OL]. (2019-08-17).
8	Zachariadis M, Hileman G, Scott S V. Governance and control in distributed ledgers: Understanding the challenges facing blockchain technology in financial services[J]. Information and Organization, 2019, 29 (2):105-117.
9	Liu Z, Li Z. A blockchain-based framework of cross-border e-commerce supply chain[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2020, 52:102059.
10	Azzi R, Chamoun R K, Sokhn M. The power of a blockchain-based supply chain[J]. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2019, 135:582-592.
11	Frizzo-Barker J, Chow-White P A, Adams P R, et al. Blockchain as a disruptive technology for business: A systematic review[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2020, 51:102029.
12	Feng J, Zhao X, Chen K, et al. Towards random-honest miners selection and multi-blocks creation: Proof-of-negotiation consensus mechanism in blockchain networks[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2020, 105:248-258.
13	Hughes A, Park A, Kietzmann J, et al. Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms[J]. Business Horizons, 2019, 62(3):273-281.
14	Francesco D, Maesa D, Mori P. Blockchain 3.0 applications survey[J]. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2020, 138:99-114.
15	López D, Farooq B. A multi-layered blockchain framework for smart mobility data-markets[J]. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2020, 111:588-615.
16	Ali I, Gervais M, Ahene E, et al. A blockchain-based certificateless public key signature scheme for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication in VANETs[J]. Journal of Systems Architecture, 2019, 99:101636.
17	Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system[J]. Decentralized Business Review, 2008: 21260.
18	King S, Nadal S. Ppcoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake[J]. self-published paper, August, 2012, 19(1).
19	Castro M, Liskov B. Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery[J]. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst., 2002, 20(4):398–461.
20	Tanwar S, Parekh K, Evans R. Blockchain-based electronic healthcare record system for healthcare 4.0 applications[J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2020, 50:102407.
21	Abdullah S, Rothenberg S, Siegel E, et al. School of Block–Review of Blockchain for the Radiologists[J]. Academic Radiology, 2020, 27(1):47-57.
22	Zhu S, Song M, Lim M K, et al. The development of energy blockchain and its implications for China's energy sector[J]. Resources Policy, 2020, 66:101595.
23	朱瑾, 许智颖. 区块链技术的应用与展望[J]. 山东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 36(03):267-274.
	Zhu J, Xu Z Y. The application and prospect of blockchain[J]. Journal of Shandong Normal University (Natural Science), 2021, 36(03):267-274.
24	Mou W, Wong W K, McAleer M. Financial Credit Risk Evaluation Based on Core Enterprise Supply Chains [J]. Sustainability, 2018, 10(10):3699.
25	当区块链遇上农业究竟可以擦出怎样的火花[J]. 蔬菜, 2020(06):1-2.
	What kind of spark can blockchain spark when it meets agriculture[J]. Vegetables, 2020(06):1-2.
26	Feng T. An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology[C]. International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM). 2016.
27	Unurjargal E. Blockchain-Supported Food Supply Chain Reference Architecture[J]. 2019.
28	Wong L W, Leong L Y, Hew J J, et al. Time to seize the digital evolution: Adoption of blockchain in operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2020, 52:101997.
29	史亮, 张复宏, 刘文军. 基于区块链的果蔬农产品追溯体系研究[J]. 农村经济与科技, 2019, 30 (15):166-169.
	Shi L, Zhang F H, Liu W J. Research on traceability system of fruit, vegetable and agricultural products based on blockchain[J]. Rural Economy and Science-Technology, 2019, 30 (15):166-169.
30	江琳莉, 史磊. 从梁平柚到梅州柚——区块链技术助力农产品溯源[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2020, 02 (02):94-103.
	Jiang L L, Shi L. From Liangping Pomelos to Meizhou Pomelos: Using Blockchain Technology to Trace the Origins of Agricultural Products[J]. Journal ofAgricultural Big Data, 2020, 02(02):94-103.
31	弋伟国, 何建国, 刘贵珊, 等. 区块链增强果蔬质量追溯可信度方法研究与系统实现[J]. 农业机械学报, 2021:1-15.
	Yi W G, He J G, Liu G S, et al. Development and Implementation of Blockchain to Enhance the Traceability and Reliability of Fruit and Vegetable Quality[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2021:1-15.
32	Yang X, Li M, Yu H, Wang M, Xu D, Sun C. A Trusted Blockchain-Based Traceability System for Fruit and Vegetable Agricultural Products[J]. IEEE Access, 2021, 9:36282-36293.
33	谯业石, 基于Hyperledger Fabric的猪肉溯源系统的设计与实现[D]. 西安:西安电子科技大学, 2020.
	Qiao Y S. Design and implementation of pork traceability system based on Hyperledger Fabric[D]. Xian: Xidian University, 2020.
34	Bumblauskas D, Mann A, Dugan B, Rittmer J. A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been?[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2020, 52:102008.
35	左敏, 何思宇, 张青川, 等. 基于区块链的食品溯源技术研究[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2020, 2(03): 52-60.
	Zuo M, He S Y, Zhang Q C, et al. Research on Food Source Traceability Technology Based on Blockchain[J]. Journal of Agricultural Big Data, 2020, 02(03):52-60.
36	陈秋强. 基于Hyperledger Fabric的畜禽产品区块链溯源系统架构研究[J]. 当代畜禽养殖业, 2021 (03):50-52.
	Chen Q Q. Research on the architecture of livestock and poultry products blockchain traceability system based on Hyperledger fabric[J]. Modern Animal Husbandry, 2021(03):50-52.
37	杨信廷, 王杰伟, 邢斌, 等. 基于区块链的畜牧养殖资产监管身份认证研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2021, 52(11):170-180.
	Yang X T, Wang J W, Xing B, et al. Identification of Animal Husbandry Assets Supervision Based on Blockchain[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, , 2021, 52(11):170-180.
38	Cao S, Powell W, Foth M, Natanelov V, Miller T, Dulleck U. Strengthening consumer trust in beef supply chain traceability with a blockchain-based human-machine reconcile mechanism[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2021, 180:105886.
39	B C, N ZW. Blockchain: Transforming the seafood supply chain[J]. World Wide Fund for Nature, 2018.
40	洪坤明, 刘新亮, 高圣乔. 基于联盟区块链的水产养殖品质量追溯系统的设计与实现[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2019, 19(35):79-86.
	Hong K M, Liu X L, Gao S Q. Design and implementation of traceability system for aquaculture products based on coalition blockchain[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(35):79-86.
41	李梦琪, 杨信廷, 徐大明, 等. 基于主从多链的水产品区块链溯源信息管理系统设计与实现[J]. 渔业现代化, 2021, 48(03):80-89.
	Li M Q, Yang X T, Xu D M, et al. Design and implementation of aquatic product blockchain traceability information management system based on master-slave multi-chain[J]. Fishery Modernization, 2021, 48 (03):80-89.
42	冯国富, 胡俊辉, 陈明. 基于区块链的水产品交易溯源系统研究与实现[J]. 渔业现代化, 2022, 49 (01):44-51.
	Feng G F, Hu J H, Chen M. Research and implementation of aquatic product transaction traceability system based on blockchain[J]. Fishery Modernization, 2022, 49 (01):44-51.
43	李明智, 张光发, 刘鹰, 等. 基于区块链的贝类设施养殖产业资源共享平台[J]. 海洋科学, 2022, 46 (01):76-82.
	Li M Z, Zhang G F, Liu Y, et al. Resource sharing platform for the shellfish facility cultivation industry based on blockchain[J]. Marine Sciences, 2022, 46 (01):76-82.
44	Yin W, Wen Q, Li W, Zhang H, Jin Z. An Anti-Quantum Transaction Authentication Approach in Blockchain [J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6:5393-5401.
45	戴勇. 基于供应链利益相关者影响的食品企业追溯技术使用决策分析——以区块链为例[J]. 供应链管理, 2021, 2(07):74-82.
	Dai Y. Determinants of Traceability Technology in Food Enterprises Based on the Influence of Supply Chain Stakeholders: A Case Study of Blockchain[J]. Supply Chain Management, 2021, 2(07):74-82.
46	韦朝舜. 平乐查获一批假冒泸州老窖造假新伎俩真瓶装假酒[J]. 广西质量监督导报, 2006(01):30.
	Wei C S. Pingle seized a batch of fake Luzhou Laojiao new tricks of counterfeiting, real bottled fake wine[J]. Guangxi quality supervision guide, 2006(01):30.
47	冯裕清, 杨信廷, 徐大明, 等. 基于迁移学习和金字塔卷积网络的河蟹个体图像识别方法研究[J]. 渔业现代化, 2022, 49(01):52-60+71.
	Feng Y Q, Yang X T, Xu D M, et al. Research on individual image recognition of river crab based on transfer learning and pyramid convolution network[J]. Fishery Modernization, 2022, 49(01):52-60+71.
48	李干琼, 李欣, 赵龙华, 等. 农业供应链管理研究进展综述及展望[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2020, 2 (03):3-12+2.
	Li G Q, Li X, Zhao L H, et al. A Review of Agricultural Supply Chain Management and Its Prospects for the Future[J]. Journal of Agricultural Big Data, 2020, 2 (03):3-12+2.
49	吕婧淑, 操晓春, 杨培. 基于区块链和人脸识别的双因子身份认证模型[J]. 应用科学学报, 2019, 37 (02):164-178.
	Lv J S, Cao X C, Yang P. Two-Factor Identity Authentication Model Based on Blockchain and Face Recognition[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2019, 37 (02):164-178.
50	朱艳艳, 李晟, 冯国瑞, 等. 基于可编辑区块链的指纹识别系统[J]. 应用科学学报, 2021, 39 (02):330-337.
	Zhu Y Y, Li S, Feng G R. Fingerprint Recognition System Based on Editable Blockchain[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2021, 39 (02):330-337.
51	Kumar B L V V, Kumar K R. Image integrity verification using blockchain[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020.
52	Kumar R, Tripathi R, Marchang N, et al. A secured distributed detection system based on IPFS and blockchain for industrial image and video data security[J]. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 2021, 152:128-143.
53	Song J, Moon Y. A Layer Image Auditing System Secured by Blockchain[J]. Procedia Manufacturing, 2021, 53:585-593.
54	杨阳, 俞定国, 吴骅业. 基于区块链的舞蹈类短视频版权存证方法[J]. 电视技术, 2020, 44(08):51-59.
	Yang Y, Yu D G, Wu H Y. Copyright Preservation Method of Dance Short Video Based on Blockchain[J]. Video Engineering, 2020, 44(08):51-59.

标题	产品	平台	特点
An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology^[26]	水果蔬菜	-	区块链与RFID技术相结合
Blockchain-Supported Food Supply Chain Reference Architecture^[27]	香蕉	Hyperledger	保障分销链食品质量安全
Time to seize the digital evolution: Adoption of blockchain in operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs^[28]	芒果	-	缩短跟踪时间
A Trusted Blockchain-Based Traceability System for Fruit and Vegetable Agricultural Products^[32]	水果蔬菜	Hyperledger Fabric	“数据库+区块链”的链上链下追溯信息双重存储结构
区块链增强果蔬质量追溯可信度方法研究与系统实现^[31]	水果蔬菜	Hyperledger Fabric	数据哈希值二次上链和验证

标题	产品	平台	特点
A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been?^[34]	鸡蛋	Hyperledger Sawtooth	区块链与物联网相结合
Strengthening consumer trust in beef supply chain traceability with a blockchain-based human-machine reconcile mechanism^[38]	牛肉	以太坊(Ethereum)	人机协调机制
基于区块链的畜牧养殖资产监管身份认证研究^[37]	牲畜	Hyperledger Fabric	集成区块链技术和聚合签名算法
基于区块链的食品溯源技术研究^[35]	鸡	-	优化了实用拜占庭容错共识算法
基于Hyperledger Fabric 的畜禽产品区块链溯源系统架构研究^[36]	畜禽	Hyperledger Fabric	-

标题	产品	平台	特点
Blockchain: Transforming the seafood supply chain^[39]	金枪鱼	以太坊(Ethereum)	以太坊与RFID技术相结合
Blockchain-Supported Food Supply Chain Reference Architecture^[27]	鱼类	Hyperledger	保障交易安全与食品质量安全
基于联盟区块链的水产养殖品质量追溯系统的设计与实现^[40]	小龙虾	Hyperledger Fabric	分层次多用户的水产品质量追溯系统
基于主从多链的水产品区块链溯源信息管理系统设计与实现^[41]	水产品	Hyperledger Fabric	对溯源信息进行并发分层存储
基于区块链的水产品交易溯源系统研究与实现^[42]	水产品	Hyperledger Fabric	基于Fabric技术框架和IPFS
基于区块链的贝类设施养殖产业资源共享平台^[43]	贝类	以太坊(Ethereum)	以太坊智能合约

[1]	管博伦, 董伟, 张立平, 杨前进, 汪焱. 再生稻溯源追踪平台研发[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2023, 5(1): 55-67.
[2]	李佳利, 杨涵, 钱建平. 新冠肺炎疫情下中国农产品冷链物流可信追溯研究[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 14-24.
[3]	吴文斗, 周兵, 朱磊, 李青, 张勇, 字少奇, 刘天霞, 杨文庆, 唐兴萍. 基于STM32的山区核桃基地环境监测系统的设计[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 145-156.
[4]	张新, 彭祥贞, 李悦, 王小艺, 赵峙尧, 许继平. 基于可信区块链和可信标识的粮油食品全供应链信息追溯模型[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 35-48.
[5]	周大森, 陈静, 张鑫, 李继兰, 李志成, 郑晓冬, 公维敏, 宋烨. 果蔬冷链追溯体系研究现状与应用建议[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 49-54.
[6]	张茜, 田乙慧, 肖文, 鲁燕. 大数据在农产品冷链物流中的应用[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 55-61.
[7]	刘佳, 夏晓蕾, 王丽娟, 王姝, 吕雪峰, 路长发, 孙利, 李素彩. 进口冷链食品追溯管理平台及创新应用[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 69-76.
[8]	陈晨. 新冠疫情下基于区块链技术的进口冷链食品追溯体系构建研究[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 77-81.
[9]	陈谦, 杨涵, 王宝刚, 李文生, 钱建平. 基于GRU神经网络模型的冷链运输温度时序预测[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 82-88.
[10]	周蓉蓉, 陈栋, 刘思远. 基于K均值聚类算法的生鲜运输路径优化模型[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 89-97.
[11]	贺苗, 李鑫, 朱志强, 冯建英. 基于PCA-GA-SVR的鲜食葡萄运输过程品质建模[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2022, 4(1): 98-108.
[12]	束雅莉, 饶元, 许磊. 基于边缘智能的茶叶可信品控系统设计与实现[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2021, 3(4): 40-50.
[13]	汪汇涓, 徐倩, 周爱莲, 梁晓贺, 谢能付, 李小雨, 吴赛赛. 区块链的发展历程及在农业领域的应用展望[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2021, 3(3): 76-86.
[14]	陈志军, 刘艳, 钱永忠. 基于风险熵的农产品安全定量评价研究[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2020, 2(4): 47-54.
[15]	郑雪静, 熊航. 区块链如何促进数据要素的价值实现：以食品供应链为例[J]. 农业大数据学报, 2020, 2(3): 13-20.